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Q. sanga [þ] n. “throng, press, pressure” (Category: Crowd, Multitude)

Q. sanga [þ], n. “press, pressure; throng, [ᴹQ.] crowd, pack; [ᴱQ.] tight mass; [ᴹQ.] crowded, packed” (Category: Crowd, Multitude)
Q. hyanda “pressed mass, crowd, [ᴹQ.] throng”
Q. hyarna² “compact, [ᴹQ.] compressed”
Q. †hyanna “compact, [ᴹQ.] compressed”
ᴱQ. illë “throng, crowd”
ᴱQ. illia “in multitudes”

This word had a lengthy history in Tolkien’s writings, most notably as an element in Sangahyando “Throng-Cleaver”. It first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱQ. sanga “throng, tight mass, crowd” under the early root ᴱ√SAŊA (QL/81). It reappeared in the Declension of Nouns (DN) of the early 1930s with the gloss “throng” (PE21/32) and in another slightly later chart with the gloss “crowd” (PE21/42). In The Etymologies from around 1937 it was ᴹQ. sanga “crowd, throng, press” derived from ᴹ√stangā under the root ᴹ✶STAG “press, compress” (Ety/STAG).

In the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 it had an adjectival sense “crowded, packed” along with the noun sense “pack, throng” (PE22/107). It reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “press, pressure, throng” (PE17/116), and in a footnote to a 1972 letter to Richard Jeffery, Tolkien said it could refer to “a closely formed body of enemy soldiers” (Let/425).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume the basic noun sense of sanga is a “tight mass”, usable abstractly for a “press” or “pressure”, or for a tightly packed group of people or animals such as “throng, crowd, pack”. I would also it as an adjective meaning “crowded” or “packed”, such as sanga sambe “a packed room”.

References ✧ Let/425; PE17/116; SA/thang

Glosses

Element In

Cognates

Derivations

ᴹQ. sanga [þ] n. and adj. “crowd, throng, press, pack; crowded, packed” (Category: Crowd, Multitude)

See Q. sanga for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/STAG; PE21/32, 42-44; PE22/107, 111

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

sangallo ablative ✧ PE21/42
sangallut ablative dual ✧ PE21/43
sangalillon ablative plural ✧ PE21/42
†sanganden ablative plural ✧ PE21/43
sanga accusative ✧ PE21/42
sangatu accusative dual ✧ PE21/43
†sangai accusative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangali accusative plural ✧ PE21/42
sangande allative ✧ PE21/42
sanganden allative dual ✧ PE21/43
sangalinden allative plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangallon allative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangal comitative ✧ PE21/42
†sangale comitative ✧ PE21/43
sangalte comitative dual ✧ PE21/43
†sangaile comitative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalíle comitative plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/42
sangar dative ✧ PE21/42
sangatar dative dual ✧ PE21/43
†[sang]airen dative plural ✧ PE21/43
†sangaire dative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalir dative plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangaren dative plural ✧ PE21/43
†sangau genitive ✧ PE21/43
sango genitive ✧ PE21/42
sangalion genitive plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangaron genitive plural ✧ PE21/43
†sangalínen instrumental; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/43
sanganen instrumental ✧ PE21/42
sangamet instrumental dual ✧ PE21/43
sangainen instrumental plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangainen instrumental plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalínen instrumental plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/42
sangasse locative ✧ PE21/42
sangasset locative dual ✧ PE21/43
sangalisse locative plural ✧ PE21/44
sangalissen locative plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangassen locative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangan nominative ✧ PE21/42
sangat nominative dual ✧ PE21/43
†sangain nominative plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalin nominative plural ✧ PE21/42
†sangaita partitive-plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalíka partitive-plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/42
†sangasta partitive-plural ✧ PE21/43
†sangar plural ✧ PE21/43
sangava possessive ✧ PE21/42
†sangaiva possessive plural ✧ PE21/43
sangalíva possessive plural; prosodic-lengthening ✧ PE21/42
sangandon similative ✧ PE21/42
sangalindon similative plural ✧ PE21/42

Element In

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ✶stangā > sanga [θaŋgā] > [θaŋgā] > [θaŋga] > [saŋga] ✧ Ety/STAG
ᴹ✶saŋgā > sanga [saŋgā] > [saŋga] ✧ PE21/32
ᴹ√STAG > sanga [θaŋgā] > [θaŋgā] > [θaŋga] > [saŋga] ✧ PE22/107

ᴱQ. sanga n. “throng, tight mass, crowd” (Category: Crowd, Multitude)

See Q. sanga for discussion.

References ✧ LT2A/Gurtholfin; PME/81; QL/81; VT40/8

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

sangar plural ✧ VT40/8; VT40/8

Element In

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ√SAŊA > sanga [saŋgā] > [saŋga] ✧ QL/81