ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants; [{ptk}ʰ] > [{ɸθx}]
References ✧ PE19/30, 44; PE22/15
Order (02000)
| After | 01100 | [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates | ||
| After | 01700 | [n], [m] became [t], [w] after aspirates | ||
| After | 01800 | nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates | ||
| After | 01900 | aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops | ||
| Before | 03900 | [j], [w] often reduced between vowels | ||
| Before | 00100 | ᴹQ. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋgw] | ||
| Before | 00700 | ᴹQ. spirants became stops after [r], [l] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE19/37 (ph > f); PE19/50 (ph > ph); PE19/50 (phy > phy); PE19/51 (lph > lph); PE19/51 (rph > rph) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (th > th); PE19/51 (lthy > lthy; rare); PE19/50 (th > th); PE19/50 (thy > thy); PE19/50 (thw > thw); PE19/51 (lth > lth); PE19/51 (rth > rth); PE19/51 (rthy > rthy) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/51 (lkh > lkh); PE19/51 (lkhy > lkhy; rare); PE19/51 (lkhw > lkhw; rare); PE19/51 (rkh > rkh); PE19/51 (rkhw > rkhw); PE19/51 (rkhy > rkhy) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| lakʰe > lakʰe | kʰ > x | ᴹ√LAKH > ᴹQ. lahe | ✧ PE22/102 |
| mbaŋkʰa- > mbaŋxa- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√MBAKH > ᴹQ. manka- | ✧ Ety/MBAKH |
| nakʰam- > naxam- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAM² > ᴹQ. naham- | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM² |
| nakʰāme > naxāme | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAM² > ᴹQ. nahāme | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM² |
| orkʰal- > orxal- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAL > ᴹQ. orhale | ✧ PE22/103 |
| tarkʰil > tarxil | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶tāra-khil > ᴹQ. Tarkil | ✧ Ety/KHIL |
| kʰad- > xad- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAD > ᴹQ. har- | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM |
| kʰaimē > xaimē | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khaimē > ᴹQ. haime | ✧ Ety/KHIM |
| kʰaira > xaira | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAYA > ᴹQ. haira | ✧ Ety/KHAYA |
| kʰāja > xāja | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAYA > ᴹQ. hāya | ✧ Ety/KHAYA |
| kʰakta > xakta | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khagda > ᴹQ. hahta | ✧ Ety/KHAG |
| kʰala > xala | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAL¹ > ᴹQ. hala | ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ |
| kʰala > xala | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khala > ᴹQ. hala | ✧ EtyAC/KHAL¹ |
| kʰalatirn > xalatirn | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khalatirnō̆ > ᴹQ. halatir | ✧ Ety/TIR |
| kʰalda > xalda | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAL > ᴹQ. halda | ✧ PE22/103 |
| kʰam- > xam- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAM > ᴹQ. ham- | ✧ Ety/KHAM |
| kʰam- > xam- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAM > ᴹQ. hame | ✧ PE22/103 |
| kʰam- > xam- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAM > ᴹQ. ham- | ✧ PE22/125 |
| kʰamwa > xamwa | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶harat/hamwa > ᴹQ. hamma | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM |
| kʰanako > xanako | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAN-AK > ᴹQ. hanako | ✧ EtyAC/KHAN-AK |
| kʰanda > xanda | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAN > ᴹQ. handa | ✧ Ety/KHAN |
| kʰanda > xanda | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAD > ᴹQ. ?handa | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM |
| kʰande > xande | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAN > ᴹQ. hande | ✧ Ety/KHAN |
| kʰanja- > xanja- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAN > ᴹQ. hanya- | ✧ Ety/KHAN |
| kʰarmen > xarmen | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAR > ᴹQ. harmen | ✧ Ety/KHYAR |
| kʰarna > xarna | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAR > ᴹQ. harna | ✧ EtyAC/KHAR |
| kʰarpa > xarpa | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHÁRAP > ᴹQ. harpa | ✧ EtyAC/KHAR |
| kʰat- > xat- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAT > ᴹQ. hat | ✧ PE22/127 |
| kʰauta- > xauta- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHAW > ᴹQ. hauta- | ✧ Ety/KHAW |
| kʰelka > xelka | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHELEK > ᴹQ. helka | ✧ Ety/KHEL |
| kʰelke > xelke | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHELEK > ᴹQ. helke | ✧ Ety/KHEL |
| kʰelle > xelle | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHEL > ᴹQ. helle | ✧ Ety/KHEL |
| kʰend > xend | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHEN-D-E > ᴹQ. hen | ✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E |
| kʰēra > xēra | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHER > ᴹQ. héra | ✧ Ety/KHER |
| kʰeren > xeren | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHER > ᴹQ. heren | ✧ Ety/KHER |
| kʰeri > xeri | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHER > ᴹQ. heri | ✧ Ety/KHER |
| kʰerū > xerū | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHER > ᴹQ. heru | ✧ Ety/KHER |
| kʰesto > xesto | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHES > ᴹQ. hesto | ✧ EtyAC/KHES |
| kʰild > xild | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIL > ᴹQ. †χild | ✧ EtyAC/TĀ |
| kʰildi > xildi | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIL > ᴹQ. hildi | ✧ Ety/KHIL |
| kʰilja- > xilja- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIL > ᴹQ. hilya- | ✧ Ety/KHIL |
| kʰim- > xim- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIM > ᴹQ. hime | ✧ PE22/103 |
| kʰimba > ximba | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIM > ᴹQ. himba | ✧ Ety/KHIM |
| kʰimja- > ximja- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHIM > ᴹQ. himya- | ✧ Ety/KHIM |
| kʰiθe > xiθe | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khīt(h)i > ᴹQ. híse | ✧ Ety/KHIS |
| kʰiθe > xiθe | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶χīsi > ᴹQ. híse | ✧ PE21/32 |
| kʰiθwa > xiθwa | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khithwa > ᴹQ. hiswa | ✧ Ety/KHIS |
| kʰitʰwe > xitʰwe | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khithme > ᴹQ. hiswe | ✧ Ety/KHIS |
| kʰjarja > xjarja | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHYAR > ᴹQ. hyarya | ✧ Ety/KHYAR |
| kʰjarmen > xjarmen | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHYAR > ᴹQ. hyarmen | ✧ Ety/KHYAR |
| kʰjelle > xjelle | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) > ᴹQ. hyelle | ✧ Ety/KHYEL(ES) |
| kʰjelma > xjelma | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) > ᴹQ. hyelma | ✧ EtyAC/KHYEL(ES) |
| kʰōgorē > xōgorē | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶Khō-gorē > ᴹQ. Huore | ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N |
| kʰōn > xōn | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHŌ-N > ᴹQ. hōn | ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N |
| kʰōpa > xōpa | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOP > ᴹQ. hópa | ✧ Ety/KHOP |
| kʰōre > xōre | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOR > ᴹQ. hóre | ✧ Ety/KHOR |
| kʰorja- > xorja- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOR > ᴹQ. horya- | ✧ EtyAC/KHOR |
| kʰorme > xorme | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOR > ᴹQ. horme | ✧ Ety/KHOR |
| kʰorta- > xorta- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOR > ᴹQ. horta- | ✧ Ety/KHOR |
| kʰosta > xosta | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOTH > ᴹQ. hosta | ✧ Ety/KHOTH |
| kʰosta- > xosta- | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHOTH > ᴹQ. hosta- | ✧ Ety/KHOTH |
| kʰugan > xugan | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHUGAN > ᴹQ. huan | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| kʰugan > xugan | kʰ > x | ᴹ✶khugan > ᴹQ. huan | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| kʰugo > xugo | kʰ > x | ᴹ√KHUG > ᴹQ. huo | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| epʰ- > eɸ- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√EPH- > ᴹQ. EPH- | ✧ PE22/127 |
| ilpʰirin > ilɸirin | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶ilpirin > ᴹQ. ilfirin | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| rapʰe > raɸe | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√RAPH > raphe > ᴹQ. rafe | ✧ PE22/102 |
| pʰaina- > ɸaina- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAY > ᴹQ. faina- | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
| pʰaire > ɸaire | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAY > ᴹQ. faire | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
| pʰaire > ɸaire | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. faire | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| pʰajanāro > ɸajanāro | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶Phay-anāro > ᴹQ. Feanáro | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
| pʰalasse > ɸalasse | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falasse | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| pʰalle > ɸalle | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falle | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| pʰalma > ɸalma | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falma | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| pʰalmarin > ɸalmarin | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > ᴹQ. falmarin | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| pʰarea > ɸarea | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farea | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
| pʰarea > ɸarea | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. fā̆rea | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
| pʰaren > ɸaren | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. faren | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
| pʰarja- > ɸarja- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farya- | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
| pʰarja- > ɸarja- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farya- | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
| pʰarme > ɸarme | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. fáre | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
| pʰarme > ɸarme | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAR > ᴹQ. farme | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
| pʰarne > ɸarne | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHARAN > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHARAN |
| pʰasne > ɸasne | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHARAN |
| pʰasne > ɸasne | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAS > fazne > ᴹQ. farne | ✧ EtyAC/PHAS |
| pʰasse > ɸasse | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. fasse | ✧ Ety/PHAS |
| pʰasta- > ɸasta- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAS > ᴹQ. fasta- | ✧ Ety/PHAS |
| pʰauka > ɸauka | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHAU̯ > ᴹQ. fauka | ✧ Ety/PHAU |
| pʰelgā > ɸelgā | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHÉLEG > ᴹQ. felya | ✧ Ety/PHÉLEG |
| pʰenda > ɸenda | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHEN > ᴹQ. fenda | ✧ Ety/PHEN |
| pʰeren > ɸeren | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶phéren > ᴹQ. feren | ✧ Ety/BERÉTH |
| pʰeren > ɸeren | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHÉREN > ᴹQ. feren | ✧ Ety/PHER |
| pʰerna > ɸerna | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHÉREN > ᴹQ. ferna | ✧ Ety/PHER |
| pʰeuya- > ɸeuya- | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHEW > ᴹQ. feuya- | ✧ Ety/PHEW |
| pʰilik > ɸilik | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHILIK > ᴹQ. filit | ✧ Ety/PHILIK |
| pʰiliŋke > ɸiliŋke | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶philínkē > ᴹQ. filinke | ✧ PE21/56 |
| pʰiond > ɸiond | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHI > ᴹQ. fion | ✧ Ety/PHI |
| pʰire > ɸire | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. fire | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| pʰīrima > ɸīrima | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. fírima | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| pʰirin > ɸirin | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. firin | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| pʰirja > ɸirja | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHIR > ᴹQ. firya | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| pʰorja > ɸorja | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHOR > ᴹQ. forya | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| pʰorte > ɸorte | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶phoroti > ᴹQ. forte | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| pʰui > ɸui | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ√PHUY > Fui > ᴹQ. Hui | ✧ Ety/PHUY |
| pʰuine > ɸuine | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶phuine > ᴹQ. huine | ✧ Ety/PHUY |
| pʰuine > ɸuine | pʰ > ɸ | ᴹ✶phuine > Lin. huine | ✧ PE19/31 |
| itʰil > iθil | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶ITHIL > ᴹQ. Isil | ✧ Ety/I² |
| itʰil > iθil | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIL > ᴹQ. Isil | ✧ Ety/SIL |
| itʰil > iθil | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIL > ᴹQ. Isil | ✧ Ety/THIL |
| itʰil > iθil | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶Ithīl > ᴹQ. Isil | ✧ SD/306 |
| kʰitʰe > kʰiθe | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶khīt(h)i > ᴹQ. híse | ✧ Ety/KHIS |
| kʰitʰe > kʰiθe | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶χīsi > ᴹQ. híse | ✧ PE21/32 |
| kʰitʰwa > kʰiθwa | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶khithwa > ᴹQ. hiswa | ✧ Ety/KHIS |
| lotʰse > loθse | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√LOS > ᴹQ. losse | ✧ Ety/GOLÓS |
| ṃbatʰ > ṃbaθ | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√MBAT(H) > ᴹQ. umbas | ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H) |
| ndanitʰārō > naniθārō | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶ndani-thārō > ᴹQ. Nanisáro | ✧ LR/188 |
| nētʰē > nēθē | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶nēthē > ᴹQ. nése | ✧ Ety/NETH |
| nortʰo > norθo | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√NOROTH > ᴹQ. norsa | ✧ Ety/NOROTH |
| noutʰe > nouθe | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶nau̯þe > ᴹQ. nause | ✧ Ety/NOWO |
| pitʰe > piθe | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√PITH > pithe > ᴹQ. pise | ✧ PE22/103 |
| tatʰar > taθar | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶tathar > ᴹQ. tasar | ✧ Ety/TATHAR |
| tatʰarē > taθarē | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶tatharē > ᴹQ. tasare | ✧ Ety/TATHAR |
| titʰilla- > tiθilla- | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIL > ᴹQ. tithilla | ✧ PE22/100 |
| titʰilla- > tiθilla- | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIL > ᴹQ. tithilla | ✧ PE22/112 |
| tʰar- > θar- | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THAR > ᴹQ. thar- | ✧ PE22/126 |
| tʰārō > θārō | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶thārō > ᴹQ. #sáro | ✧ LR/188 |
| tʰausā > θausā | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶thausā > ᴹQ. saura | ✧ Ety/THUS |
| tʰeles > θeles | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THELES > ᴹQ. seler | ✧ Ety/THEL |
| θinde > θinde | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶thindi > ᴹQ. sinde | ✧ Ety/THIN |
| tʰinje > θinje | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIN > ᴹQ. sinye | ✧ Ety/THIN |
| tʰinta- > θinta- | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THIN > ᴹQ. sinta- | ✧ Ety/THIN |
| tʰūja- > θūja- | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THŪ > ᴹQ. súya- | ✧ Ety/THŪ |
| tʰūle > θūle | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THŪ > ᴹQ. súle | ✧ Ety/THŪ |
| tʰūro > θūro | tʰ > θ | ᴹ√THUS > ᴹQ. Súro | ✧ Ety/THUS |
| xitʰwe > xiθwe | tʰ > θ | ᴹ✶khithme > ᴹQ. hiswe | ✧ Ety/KHIS |