Q. ar- pref. “by-, beside, near” (Category: Near)
This prefix appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as the prefixal form of the preposition ᴹQ. ara under the root ᴹ√AR² “beside, outside”, most notably as an element in ᴹQ. Arvalin “Outside Valinor” (Ety/AR²). In this entry Tolkien said that “in Q this is purely local in sense”, which seems to mean ar- means “outside” only in the limited sense “*outside but nearby”. See also the later name Araman “Outside Aman”, where the prefix also seems to mean “*just outside” (SA/ar).
This prefix reappeared in Notes on Names (NN) written in 1957, where it was derived from √ÑAR {“near, by, beside” >>} “by” (PE17/169). The prefix was mentioned again in notes from around 1964 where Tolkien said it was “equivalent more or less to English ‘by-’, as in Arvernien ‘(the land) beside the Verna’ (PE17/71)”. It appeared once more in notes from the late 1960s on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor, where Tolkien indicated it could be an element in Arnen “beside the water”, but said that “ar- in this sense is Quenya, not Sindarin” (VT42/17).
Conceptual Development: A prefixal form ari- of the adverb ᴱQ. are “beside, along” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ƷARA “spread, extend sideways” (QL/32).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think the primary meaning of this prefix is “beside, by, near”, but it can also mean “outside” in the limited sense “just outside, outside but near”.
References ✧ PE17/71, 169; VT42/17
Glosses
Elements
| ar(a) | “beside, next [to]; out” |
Element In
Cognates
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ✶ad(ă)/ad > ar- | [ad-] > [að-] > [ar-] | ✧ PE17/71 |
| √ÑAR > ar- | [ŋar-] > [ar-] | ✧ PE17/169 |
| √ÑAR > ar- | [ŋar-] > [ar-] | ✧ PE17/169 |
ᴹQ. ar- pref. “outside, beside” (Category: Out, Outside)
Reference ✧ Ety/AR² ✧ “outside, beside”
Element In
Cognates
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴹ√AR² > ar- | [ar-] | ✧ Ety/AR² |