Q. correlatives grammar.
Correlatives is a term sometimes applied to collections of pro-forms in different languages, most notably Latin, which are assembled from various elements. Correlatives include interrogatives like “what, when, where” as well as adverbs like “anywhere, somewhere, nowhere”. This entry focuses on how correlatives are formed in Quenya by combining elements. For discussions of grammatical functions in more specific use cases, see the entries on interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, and quantifiers.
Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC): Tolkien described Quenya correlatives at length in a document labeled Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/96-112). DRC is the best starting pointing for studying how Quenya correlatives are formed, since there is no other comprehensive description of these combinations. DRC included various stems used to form interrogatives, demonstratives and other correlatives. They are as follows:
Of these, Tolkien experimented with various alternate forms and meanings.
Ma- was the stem of interrogatives, and the other correlatives in DRC could be considered answers to their corresponding interrogatives: mana “what?” answered by sina “this” or tana “that”; mane “who?” answered by sine “this (person)” or tane “that (person)”; masse “where?” answered by sisse “here” or tasse “there”, etc.
Ta- was a remote demonstrative (“that”), but not too remote, still close enough to be relevant to the conversation. In a sense it could be considered a “3rd person” demonstrative (e.g. “that by him/her”), although that was not its precise function. When used of time, it referred to the past: “then (past)”.
Ya- was a more remote demonstrative (“that yonder”), far removed from other referents in the conversation. When used of time, it referred to the distant past: “then (remote past)”. In DRC, ya did not function as a relative pronoun as it did in Tolkien’s later writings.
En- was a special demonstrative when used of time, referring to the future rather than the past (PE23/100). En could be used by itself as a general future reference, or it could be combined with ta (enta) and ya (enya) for nearer and more remote futures. The temporal chain from distant past to distant future in DRC was (past) ya > ta > (present) si > (future) enta > enya. When used of space, en could only be combined with ta and ya, and made both of these more distant, for example enya would mean “far away over there” when used of space.
Si-, hi-, ti- were associated with 1st person singular, 1st person plural and 2nd person when used of space: “this (by me)”, “this (by us)”, “that (by you)” respectively. Ti- were not used of time in Quenya (in DRC), but si- and hi- referred to the present: “now”; for the latter compare later primitive ✶khĭn- and S. hí “now”.
Used pronominally, both sa- and i- were anaphoric, indicating something referenced elsewhere in the phrase. Sa was more likely to be used as an independent demonstrative pronoun, meaning “that previously mentioned” (PE23/97-99), as opposed to ta “that (not necessarily mentioned)”. Pronominal i was used mainly as a relative pronoun, in addition to its more common function as the definite article. Sa could also be used as a relative pronoun, along with its function as the 3rd person impersonal pronoun “it”. In 1948 sa “it (abstract)” was contrasted with personal e (PE23/88), while in later writings the personal 3rd person pronoun as se (VT49/37).
Uma-, li(n)-, and kin- were all indefinite.
Uma was singular indefinite. As a suffix -(u)ma is roughly equivalent to the English indefinite article “a”, but this suffix was used much less often than the English indefinite article (PE23/99). As a prefix uma- meant “some” as in umas(se) “*somewhere” or umallume “some time”, but still meaning a single undefined place or time.
Li(n)- was plural indefinite, meaning “some” when referring to a plurality of things. As a suffix -li functions as “second (indefinite) plural” (PE23/100), which in later writings Tolkien refined into the partitive plural. As a prefix it meant some plural quantity “several, some, many”, contrasted with hrim- for large quantities (“very many”) and sem(p)- for small quantities (“a few”).
Kin- appeared as a prefix glossed “a certain amount of” or more precisely “any amount larger than the (very) small” (PE23/100). It also had an adjective form kina “a certain quantity or amount” (PE23/104). As an expression of indefiniteness, kin- was contrasted with li(n)- which was an indefinite but countable quantity. As an expression of amount, kin- was contrasted with lak- which was a large amount (“much”), however the suffix for correlatives of amount (large or small) was -lka, as in malka “how much”, talka “*that much”.
Imma was “any” meaning any thing that exists. Tolkien said it “is not used after negatives as a rule” (PE23/99), so Quenya used alla “none” rather than **lá imma “not any”. Drafts had amma >> imma, and in one page imma >> umma, but this second change was not carried through the document (PE23/99 note #24, #25). Imma was contrasted with alla “no, none” meaning no thing that exists, which as a prefix was often la(la-) (PE23/99). In the initial draft of DRC, this negative stem was first given as láqa- or láqe- (PE23/103 note #41; PE23/103 note #56), generally (but not entirely) revised to alla- or la(la)- throughout the document.
The stem ai(a)- was used in reference to different things: “(an)other” (PE23/99). In drafts the stem was ap(a)-, revised to war(a)-, then as-/ara- and finally ai(a)- (PE23/103 note #40, #42; PE23/105 note #68). The stem hap- was used for similar or closely associated things (PE23/100), while on- was used for the same or precisely identical thing (PE23/100), the latter revised from alwa- or alap- in drafts (PE23/103 note #44; PE23/104 note #56). “Same” could also be expressed with the anaphoric stem sa-, which had the connotation “same as previously mentioned” (PE23/103-104).
For expressions of numeric quantities, there was indefinite li(n)- “some, several, many” mentioned above, along with hrim- for large quantities (“very many”) and sem(p)- for small quantities (“a few”). For non-numeric amounts, there was indefinite kin- “a certain amount” mentioned above, along with lak- for large amounts (“much”). There was no prefix for small amounts, but -(n)ikka could be used as a suffix for smallness, as in manikka “how small, *how little”, tanikka “*that small, that little” (PE23/108); see Quantities and Amounts below.
In DRC, the stem for “all” was qa(qe)- or qan-, based on the root ᴹ√KWA of the same meaning and possibly related ᴹ√KWAT “fill” (PE23/101). The root ᴹ√IL(U) also meant “all” in DRC, but only in the broadest sense of “all that exists”, as in ilu = “universe” (PE23/105). In combination, ilqa- referred to the whole of something. In combination with er “one”, erqa- meant “each”. In later writings, √IL was “all” (VT48/25) and √KWA was “whole, complete” (VT47/7, 17).
The last quantifying stem mentioned in DRC was prefixal yu(ya)- “both”, as opposed to suffixal dual -twa: see Duals below.
Correlative Suffixes in DRC: DRC describes various suffixes added to correlative stems to form pronouns, adjectives and adverbs:
Personal Pronouns: The suffix -ne was used to form personal pronouns, such as mane “who” or immane “anyone” (PE23/102-103). In DRC, the main distinction in pronouns was between concrete and abstract, so mane also meant “what (concrete thing)” vs. mana “what (fact)”, and immane also meant “anything (concrete)”. In several cases the personal pronoun suffix was simply -e, such as qáqe “everyone” or yúye “both [persons or things]”, and it seems these two specific pronouns were singular. Where the stem was explicitly plural, the suffix -i was used: lini “(pl.) a good few, several”, hrimi “very many”, sempi “[a] few”. The indefinite singular pronoun was ane “someone” rather than *umane, based on the contemporaneous indefinite subject pronoun a.
Gendered Pronouns: In DRC, the neuter personal pronoun could be made masculine by changing the final vowel to -o or feminine by changing the final vowel to -ie: mano “what man” or manie “what woman” (PE23/102-103). In the initial draft, the feminine suffix was -re: mare “what woman” >> manie (PE23/102 note #37; PE23/103 note #40).
Abstract Pronouns: DRC distinguished between concrete pronouns such as mane “who, what” and abstract pronouns such as mana “what (fact)” (PE23/103-105). For the abstract pronouns the suffix was -na, or often just -a as in qáqa “everything, all facts” or yúya “both facts”. Where the stem itself ended in a, the stem was used directly such as: uma “something”, imma “anything”, alla “nothing”.
Adjectives: The adjective forms were generally the same as the abstract pronouns, and thus also used suffixal -na or -a. Tolkien said most abstracts “were either the adjectival words (of the next list) used substantivally or were identical in form” (PE23/104). In a few cases the use of -na was slightly emphatic: imma “any” vs. immana “any at all”, or alla “none” vs. allana “none at all”.
Duals: Duals used the suffix -twe as pronouns or -twa as adjectives (PE23/107). For example pronominal matwe vs. adjectival matwa, as in matwe i atan mere “which (of two) does the man want” vs. matwa macil i atan mere “which sword does the man want”. The dual adjectival suffix -twa is simply the dual form of adjectival/possessive suffix -va.
Kind or Sort: Pronouns or adjectives about sort or kind used the suffix -(n)ima (PE23/107); the relationship to the verbal suffix -ima “-able” isn’t clear. Some examples: immanima “of any kind”, linima “of several sorts”. The suffix became -ina when the stem ends in m, such as: hrímina “of many kinds”, sempina “of few sorts”.
Quantities and Amounts: Pronouns and adjectives of numeric quantities used the suffix -lli(ni) as in malli(ni) “how many” or immalli(ni) “of any number” (PE23/108). The shorter forms seem to be adjectival and the long pronominal: malli yéni “how many years” vs. mallini i atan mere “how many does the man want”. When describing non-numeric amounts the suffix was -lka as in malka “how much, how great” or qáqilka “of all sizes” (PE23/108). For small amounts the suffix was -(n)ikka, but this was used only with interrogatives and demonstratives: manikka “how small, *how little”, tanikka “*that small, that little” (PE23/108). There was no suffix for small numeric quantities, and -lli(ni) was used for both large and small numbers.
Adverbs of Time: Basic adverbs of time used the bare stem with a long vowel (interrogatives and demonstratives only) or the suffix -(n)an, as in: má or man(an) “when”, sí or sin(an) “now” (PE23/109-110). The forms ending in just -n tended to be archaic: archaic †sin vs. modern sinan. The suffix -llume (= -n + lúme) was also used with time adverbs, especially where the time period was more definite: mallume “at what time” or tallume “at that time”. Of shorter periods measured in days, the suffix was -ar(yas) based on are or arya “day”, as in: manar(yas) “on what day”, yanar(yas) “in those days of yore”. The longer suffix -aryas is used when the sense “day” was more literal: sinar “today = nowadays” vs. sinaryas “today = this very day”. Adjectival variants of -llume and -ar(yas) also existed: -llúmea and -área.
Adverbs of Methods and Manners: Adverbs measuring degree are formed using the suffix -n(de): man(de) “how = to what degree”, tan(de) “that much” (PE23/111). Adverbs for the manner of action used the suffix -l(de): mal(de) “how = in what manner”, hrimilde “in many ways” (PE23/111). Adverbs for the means of action used the instrumental suffix -(i)nen: mainen “how = by what means”, tainen “by that means” (PE23/111). Adverbs for the fashion of action used the similative suffix -ndon: manandon “like what”, tandon “like that” (PE23/111).
Adverbs of Position: Adverbs indicating location used the locative suffix -sse: masse “where”, sisse “here”, along with form using a longer stem but sometimes with the short locative -s: manas(se), sinis(se) (PE23/111). These locational adverbs could also be formed using nome “place”, sometimes with the short locative -s: manome(s) “in what place”, sinome “here, *in this place” (PE23/112). Movement towards was indicated by the allative suffix -nna: manna “whither”, tanna “*thither” (PE23/112). Movement away was indicated by the ablative suffix -llo: mallo “whence”, sillo “*hence” (PE23/112). Suffixes -nna and -llo could also be combined with forms using nome: tannomen(na), manomello.
Adverbs of Reason: The last two suffixes described in DRC are used for adverbs of reason and purpose. The first of these suffixes is -ro that may be related to the agental suffix: maro “why, for what reason”, saro “for that reason mentioned” (PE23/112). The second suffix is connected to the root ᴹ√MEN “purpose, aim”: mámen “why = aiming at what”. The distinction between -ro and -men may be the mechanism (agent or cause) versus the motivation (purpose or aim). In the initial draft, Tolkien wrote (then deleted) forms main and maina, possibly datives = “*for what” (PE23/112 note #148).
Correlative Combinations in DRC: The correlative stems and suffixes described above can be combined more or less freely. For example: ta “that” can be combined with -lka “much” to get talka “that much”; uma “some” can be combined with nome “place” to get umanome “some place”. Tolkien did not list every possible combination in DRC, though he did give a lot of them.
Some combinations were not possible, though. For example hap- “similar” was not used with pronominal forms (PE23/103) and ti “that by you” was not used with time (PE23/97). Some combinations used variant stems, such as pronominal ane “someone” being based on the indefinite subject pronoun a (PE23/103) rather than correlative stem uma “some”. In some cases the stem or suffix was modified by phonological effects, such as -ima dissimilating to -ina when following an m: hrímina “of many sorts”, sempina “of few sorts” (PE23/106).
Going through every individual combination is beyond the scope of this entry; consult DRC or the individual vocabulary entries in Eldamo.
Earlier and Later Formations: DRC from 1948 is the most comprehensive discussion of correlatives in Tolkien’s writings, but some early and later documents cover similar ground, mostly using demonstratives. The Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) from the 1920s gave a table of demonstratives in various forms (PE14/54-55). The basic demonstrative stems were 1st, 2nd and 3rd person ᴱQ. qi “this [by me]”, ᴱQ. tye “that by you”, and ᴱQ. sa “that [by him]”. These were combined with -nda to form adjectives, -sse for location, -nt(a) for motion towards, -llo for motion away, and -n for adverbs of time.
There is also a partially published document on demonstratives from 1968 with correlative combinations for si “this” and ta “that” (VT49/12-13, 18). Some of these combinations appear in other documents as well:
There are scattered instances of other correlative combinations in documents from the 1950s and 60s:
Interrogative ma and the personal and impersonal relative pronouns ya and ye give a few more examples, mostly for noun cases:
Other scattered examples appear in the 1950s and 60s:
Neo-Quenya Suffixes: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I recommend adopting the DRC system of correlatives, except where they are contradicted by later documents. Admittedly, such contradictions are numerous.
In DRC, the main “gender” distinction was between concrete and abstract: mane “what person, what [concrete] thing” vs. mana “what fact”, also used adjectivally. In later writings, the main gender distinction is between animate/living vs. inanimate/unliving:
The Elvish languages did not distinguish grammatically between male (masculine) and female (feminine) ... But there was a distinction made between animate and inanimate. Animates included not only rational creatures (“speaking people”), but all things living and reproducing their kind ... Inanimates included not only all physical objects recognized or thought of as distinct things ... [but] also included all grammatical abstracts such as thought ... (NM/175).
I would use these later gender distinctions, so that (for example) tamo “that one” would apply to animates (including plants and spirits) while tama “that thing/matter” would apply to inanimate objects and abstract things. Since “Elvish languages did not distinguish grammatically between male and female” I would abandon DRC masculine and feminine suffix -(n)o and -(n)ie for pronouns.
Based on words like tamo/immo and tama/ilyama I would use the agental and instrumental suffixes -mo “-person” and -ma “-thing” for correlative pronouns of the animate and inanimate genders. Given ilquen “everybody” and aiquen “if anybody, whoever”, I would assume -quen is an alternate suffix specifically for personal correlative pronouns, not applicable to non-rational beings like animals and plants.
Based on later mana/tana/sina, it seems adjectival correlative forms with -(n)a remain the norm, but examples like ilya “each, all” and imya “same” hint that -ya can be used where more euphonic. A document on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969 stated interrogative/demonstrative adjectives can be used prononimally as well (PE23/135). CEA also states that man “who” in the Namárië is a reduction of mana before a vowel, so I would assume such adjectives used as pronouns are truly generic and applicable to both to animates or inanimates.
The use of -twa for dual adjectival forms is perfectly compatible with Tolkien’s later use of possessive/adjective -twa, such as in ciryatwa. The -twe forms are simply pronominal variants, and can probably also be retained.
For adverbs of time, -nan seems to be abandoned, but lengthened stems are well attested in later writings: sí “now”, tá “then”, yá “when”. I would limit such vowel-lengthened forms to demonstratives and relatives. Correlative compounds with lúmë are also widespread, appearing both as -lume and -llume (silumë, talumë vs. yallumë), so I’d choose between them based on euphony and compatibility with attested forms. For references to “day” -ar(yas) seems to have been replaced by aurë, as in ilaurëa “daily”.
For adverbs of place, the locative suffix -ssë remains in use: tassë, sissë, yasse(n). The short locative is also used in Tolkien’s later writings, but typically with a long rather than short vowel: 1968 tás, sís (VT49/11, 18) vs. 1948 tas, sis (PE23/111). Combinations with nómë “place” continue appearing: tanomë, sinomë, sanomë. Motion towards and away still uses the ordinary ablative (-nna) and allative (-llo) suffixes: tanna “thither” and yello “from who”. In the case of motion towards, the archaic allative -r(a) occasionally appears, but I would limit these to demonstratives: tar(a) “thither”, sir(a) “hither”.
For adverbs of methods and manners, I would assume ᴹQ. -(n)ima “kind, sort” was replaced by Q. -itë given sítë “of this sort” and taitë. Given sillë “like this” and tallë “like that” based on lé “way, method, manner”, I would assume -l(de) was replaced by -llë for adverbs of manner, as in *manallë “how, in what manner”. The similative suffix -ndon was abandoned by early 1960s (PE17/58), and may be replaced by the preposition ve “as, like”, for example in sívë “*as = like this” and tambë “as = *like that” (VT43/12, 18). I would limit the use suffixal -ve to these two demonstratives and in other cases use a prepositional construct. Instrumental -nen is also used, but in later writings has singular -nen rather than plural -inen from DRC: manen “how = *by means of what”, sinen “by this means”, tanen “in that way”.
For degree, quantity and amount there are not really any good alternatives in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would retain suffixes -n(de), -lli(ni), -lca, and -(n)ikka from DRC. Since agental -ro survived in Tolkien’s later writings I would keep using it for adverbs of reason. In Tolkien’s later writings the verb men- means only “go” and not “intend”, so I would abandon -men for distinct adverbs of aim and purpose, using -ro instead for this function.
Neo-Quenya Stems: Many of the stems from DRC survive in Tolkien’s later writings with essentially the same meaning: ma (interrogatives), ta (remote demonstratives), si (near demonstratives), sa (anaphoric references), li(n)- (many), yu (pairs). Some survived with modified forms, meanings or functions: i (relatives but not declined), ya (originally for the past, later for relatives), en (remote references but also “again”), il- (all, every), qua (complete, whole), al(a)- (negative but competing with ú-), rim- (great number).
The relative pronoun/conjunction i is used regularly in Tolkien later writings, but in actual sentences is no longer used in correlative combinations. The stem ya takes on that role instead: yá “when”, yasse(n) “in which place(s)”, yallumë “in times when”. In turn, ya is no longer used a remote demonstrative, though it could still be used in references to the past (e.g. yára “old”). As such, I would replace the relative correlatives using i- with correlatives using ya- as well as its personal variant ye, but would abandon all the DRC correlatives where ya- meant “yonder”, retaining the enta- correlatives for that function instead (see below).
For the stem en-, by the late 1950s its primary meaning became “again” in verbs like enquanta- “refill”, but in notes from 1959 its root meaning √EN was glossed “go on doing” (PE17/167) and in notes from 1968 glossed “further, beyond” (VT41/16). Both hint that its use as a future adverb and a remote demonstrative remain possible, although there are no clear instances of these uses after the early 1950s. As such I was retain en- as an element in correlatives for the future, and enta- for very remote demonstratives (as opposed to the 1948 use ya- in DRC; see above). This interpretation is something of a stretch, but there seems to be no other alternatives for future-facing correlatives in Tolkien’s later writings.
The stem il- seems to have displaced qa- for the meanings “all, every” in Tolkien’s later writings: ilquen “everybody”, ilyama “all [things]”, ilaurëa “*every day”, illumë “*always”. In the singular, ilya also meant “each”, so 1948 erqa- was also displaced. However, the root √KWA had the meaning “complete, full, all, the whole” in Tolkien’s later writings (VT47/17), so ilqua- “whole” remains viable as a correlative stem, just with a reversal in meaning for its two components.
The negative correlative stem presents some unpleasant challenges for Neo-Quenya. In the 1950s and 60s, Tolkien vacillated between lá and ú as the basis for negation, as discussed in the entry on the Quenya negative. I mostly prefer u-negation for verbal negation, but this is challenging for correlatives since combining u with the various correlative suffixes is often problematic. These combinations may clash with other attested meanings, such as úlumë meaning “ever, at all times” rather than “**never” (PE17/156). My standard “cheat” in such situation is to retain al(a)- as negative prefix specifically for the absense of something, and as such I would keep alla “none, nothing” as the basis for negative correlatives.
In Tolkien’s later (and earlier) writings, hrim- appears with r rather than hr, such as rimbë “great number” and rimba “numerous”, so I would simply adapt the hrim-forms from DRC by changing hr- >> r-. In DRC itself, the root was alter from SRIMI to RIMI (PE23/100 note #34), though the corresponding correlative forms were not modified.
Some of the correlative stems in DRC have clear replacements in Tolkien’s later writings.
The stem ai(a)- “other” went through quite a few revisions in DRC itself, and Tolkien continued to revise this stem in his later writings as well. By the late 1960s he used hya- as the basis for “other” words such as hyana “other”, so I’d replace the ai(a)-forms with hya-forms. Likewise Tolkien vacillated on on- “same” in DRC and later writings, settling on im- “same” by the late 1960s, so I’d make a similar change in the corresponding correlatives.
Using im- for “same” introduces problems for indeterminate imma “any”. It has long been established Neo-Quenya practice to use ai- for “any” based on aiquen “if anybody, whoever”. Elsewhere ai was a marker of uncertainty rather than indeterminacy, but the two concepts are not entirely distinct. Another option would be to use umma- for “any” from the unfinished revisions to DRC (PE23/99 note #24), but I think that would be too easily confused with uma- “some”.
Most of the remaining correlative stems from DRC have no clear equivalents in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would simply retain them: hap- “similar”, uma- “some”, kin- “a certain amount”, lak- “large amount”, and sem(p)- “few”.
The 1st-plural and 2nd person demonstratives hi “this by us” and ti “that by you” are special cases. Neither are directly contradicted by Tolkien’s later writings. There are even hints that hi- can still be used as a near demonstrative in notes from the late 1960s: Q. hí “here” < ✶khĭn- (VT49/34), though this seems to be primarily an attempt to explain Sindarin hi “now” from annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” (LotR/307; PE17/45). As such I think the continued use of hi and ti is viable, but I would generally prefer the more ordinary demonstratives si “this” and ta “that” in most instances.
Neo-Quenya Correlative Combinations: Based on the system described above, I would use the following for Neo-Quenya correlative combinations, with neologisms marked with a * and adapted forms marked with a ^. English translations are normalized and don’t necessarily match those given by Tolkien.
Interrogative (ma): man, mamo “who”, mana “what (adj. and pron.)”, matwa “whether”, mallume “when, at what time”, *manaure “on what day”, masse “where”, manome “in what place”, manna “whither”, mallo “whence”, *manaite “of what kind/sort”, *manalle “in what manner”, manen “how, by what means”, mande “how, to what degree”, malli(ni) “how many (adj. and pron.)”, malca “how much”, manicca “how little, how small”, maro “why, for what reason”.
Near Demonstrative (si): simo “this person”, *sima “this thing/matter”, sina “this (adj. and pron.)”, sitwe “this (of two)”, sí “now”, silume “at this time”, *sinaure “on this day”, sisse “here”, sinome “this place”, sinna, sir(a) “hither”, silo “hence”, síte “of this kind/sort”, sille “in this manner”, sinen “by this means”, sinde “to this degree”, sillini “this many”, silca “this much”, *sinicca “this little, this small”, siro “for this reason”.
Far Demonstrative (ta): tamo “that person”, tama “that thing/matter”, tana “that (adj. and pron.)”, tatwe “that (of two)”, tá “then”, talume “at that time”, *tanaure “on that day”, tasse “there”, tanome “that place”, tanna, tar(a) “thither”, talo “thence”, taite “of that kind/sort”, talle “in that manner”, tanen “by that means”, tande “to that degree”, tallini “that many”, talca “that much”, *tanicca “that little, that small”, taro “for that reason”.
Future Demonstrative (en): én “then (future)”, *enaure “on that (future) day”.
Remote Demonstrative (enta): enta “that yonder (adj. and pron.)”, entas(se) “away over there”, *entanna “to yonder”, entallo “from yonder”.
Anaphoric Reference (sa): *samo “that person (mentioned)”, *sama “that thing/matter (mentioned)”, sana “that (mentioned)”, satwe “that one (of two) mentioned”, san “then (mentioned)”, sallume “at that time (mentioned)”, *sanaure “on that day (mentioned)”, sasse “there (mentioned)”, sanome “that place (mentioned)”, sanna “to that place (mentioned)”, sallo “from that place (mentioned)”, *saite “of that kind/sort (mentioned)”, *salle “in that manner (mentioned)”, ^sanen “by that means (mentioned)”, sande “to that degree (mentioned)”, *sallini “that many (mentioned)”, sanalca “that much (mentioned)”, *sanicca “that little, that small (mentioned)”, saro “for that reason (mentioned)”.
Relative (ya): yá “when (relative)”, yallume “in times when”, *yanaure “on the day when”, yasse “where (relative)”, *yanome “in the place where”, *yanna “to which”, *yallo “from which”, *yaite “such as”, yalle “in the same way as”, *yanen “by the same means as”, *yande “of the same degree as”, *yallini “as many as”, *yalca “as much as”, *yanicca “as little as, as small as”, *yaro “that is the reason why”.
Personal Relative (ye): *yesse “at/by who”, yenna “to who”, yello “from who”.
Indefinite (uma-): mo “someone, somebody”, ma “something”, uma “some (adj. and pron.)”, umallume “some time”, *umaure “some day”, umasse “somewhere”, umanome “some place”, umanna “to somewhere”, umallo “from somewhere”, *umaite “of some kind”, *umalle “somehow”, ^umanen “by some means”, umande “somewhat”, umalca “of some amount”, umaro “for some reason”.
Indeterminate (*ai(a)-): aiquen “anybody, whoever”, *aima “anything, whatever”, *aiana “any (adj. and pron.)”, *ailume “any time”, *ainaure “any day”, *aiasse “anywhere”, *ainome “any place”, *aianna “to anywhere”, *aiallo “from anywhere”, *aite “of any kind”, *aialle “anyhow”, *ainen “by any means”, *aiande “to any degree”, *aialli “of any number”, *aialca “of any amount”, *airo “for any reason”.
Negative (alla): *alquen “nobody, noone”, alla “none, nothing”, allume “never”, *alaurë “on no day”, allasse “nowhere”, allanome “no place”, allanna “to nowhere”, allo “from nowhere”, *alaite “of no kind”, *alle “in no way”, *allanen “by no means”, alande “not in the least”, alli “no [not any quantity]”, allaro “for no reason”.
Other (hya): *hyaquen “someone else, another”, *hyama “something else”, hyana “other”, *hyalume “another time”, *hyanome “another place”, *hyaite “of other kind”, *hyalle “in a different way, otherwise”, *hyanen “by another means”, *hyande “to another degree”, *hyalli(ni) “a different number”, *hyalca “a different amount”, *hyaro “for another reason”.
Similar (hap-): hapana “of the same sort”, hapallume “during the same period”, hapasse “together in the same place”, hapanome “about the same place”, hapanna “[to a place] together”, *hapallo “[from a place] together”, *hapaite “of similar kind”, *hapalle “about the same way”, *hapanen “by similar means”, hapande “about as much (as)”, hapalli(ni) “of similar number”, hapalca “of similar amount”, haparo “for about the same reason”.
Same (im-): immo “same one (person)”, imma “same thing”, imya “same (adj.)”, *imallume “at the very same time”, *imaurë “on the same day”, *imas(se) “in the identical place”, *imanome “the identical place”, *imanna “to the identical place”, *imallo “from the identical place”, *imaite “of identical kind”, *imalle “in the identical way”, *imanen “by identical means”, *imande “to exactly the same degree”, *imalli(ni) “of the same number”, *imalca “the same amount”, *imaro “for the very same reason”.
Several, Many (li(n)-): lie “people”, lini “several, some (pron.)”, [rare] lia “several, some, many (adj.)”, lillume “many a time, often”, *linaure “many days”, lilisse “in many places”, linome “many places”, lilinna “to many places”, *linillo “from many places”, *liníte “of several kinds”, *lille “in many ways”, lilínen “by many means”, *lilinde “of many degrees”, lilíro “for many reasons”.
(Very) Many (*rim-): rimbe “host, great number”, ^rimi “(very) many (pron.)”, rimba “frequent, numerous”, ^rillume “many times, frequently”, ^rimisse “in many places”, ^rimonome “many places”, ^riminna “to many places”, *rimillo “from many places”, *rimíte “of many kinds”, *rimille “in many ways”, ^rimínen “by many means”, ^rímaro “for many reasons”.
Few (sem(p)-): sempi “few (pron.)”, sempa “few (adj.)”, semellume “seldom, a few times”, *sempaurë “few days”, semesse “in few places”, sempanome “few places”, semenna “to few places”, *semello “from few places”, *semíte “of few kinds”, *semelle “in few ways”, semmen “by few means”, semparo “for few reasons”.
All (il-): ilquen “everybody”, ilyama “everything”, illi “all (pron.)”, ilya “each, all (adj.)”, illume “always”, *ilaure “every day, daily (adv.)”, ilaurea “daily (adj.)”, *ilisse “everywhere”, *ildome “everyplace”, *ilinna “to everywhere”, *illo “from everywhere”, *ilíte “of all kinds”, *ille “in all ways”, *illinen “by all means”, *ilinde “in all degrees, to every extent”, *ililca “of all sizes”, *illiro “for every reason”.
Whole (ilqua): ilquanna “altogether, wholly, quite”, *ilqualume “the whole time, continuously”, *ilquaure “all the day”, ilquasse “in the whole region”, ilquanome “all over the place, throughout”.
Both (yúya): yúyo “both (pron. and adj.)”, yuyallume “both times”, yuyasse “in both places”, yuyanome “both places”, yuyasse “in both places”, *yuyaite “of both kinds”, *yuyalle “in both ways”.
Element In